UPSC CSE Polity and Governance Index

⚖️ Polity & Governance Index

Indian Constitution: Evolution

• Meaning & Importance of Constitution
• Historical Background (1773–1947)
• Government of India Acts
• Influences on Indian Constitution
• Constitutionalism
• Significance of Written Constitution

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Constituent Assembly

• Formation of Constituent Assembly
• Objectives Resolution
• Committees & Key Members
• Working, Sessions & Debates
• Adoption & Enactment
• Enforcement of the Constitution

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Salient Features & Provisions

• Salient Features of the Constitution
• Federal System with Unitary Bias
• Parliamentary System
• Independent Judiciary
• Single Citizenship
• Universal Adult Franchise

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Constitutional Amendments

• Amendment Procedure & Types
• 42nd Amendment Act (Mini Constitution)
• 44th Amendment Act
• 73rd & 74th Amendments (Panchayati Raj)
• Recent Amendments (101–105)
• Basic Structure Doctrine

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Preamble & Framework

• Preamble of Indian Constitution
• Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
• Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Republic
• Democracy: Meaning & Types
• Parliamentary Form of Government
• Parliamentary vs Presidential System

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Union & Its Territory

• Union of India – Article 1
• State Reorganisation Act, 1956
• Union Territories of India
• J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019
• Creation of New States
• Inner Line Permit

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Citizenship

• Citizenship Provisions in Constitution
• Citizenship Act, 1955
• Modes of Acquisition & Termination
• Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
• National Register of Citizens (NRC)
• National Population Register (NPR)

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Fundamental Rights – I

• Meaning & Features of FRs
• Article 12 – Definition of State
• Article 13 – Judicial Review
• Right to Equality
• Rule of Law
• Reservation in India

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Rights, DPSP & Duties

• Right to Freedom (Article 19)
• Article 21 & Right to Privacy
• Writs & Types of Writs
• Directive Principles of State Policy
• Fundamental Rights vs DPSP
• Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

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Union Executive – President

• President of India
• Election & Qualifications
• Powers & Functions
• Ordinance Making Power
• Pardoning Power (Article 72)
• Impeachment of President

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PM & Council

• Vice President of India
• Prime Minister: Role & Powers
• Council of Ministers
• Cabinet & Cabinet Committees
• Collective Responsibility
• Attorney General of India

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Federalism

• Federal Features of Constitution
• Cooperative & Competitive Federalism
• Asymmetric Federalism
• Article 371 Provisions
• Inter-State Council

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Centre–State Relations

• Legislative & Administrative Relations
• Financial Relations
• Sarkaria Commission
• Punchhi Commission
• Inter-State Disputes

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Emergency Provisions

• National Emergency (Article 352)
• President’s Rule (Article 356)
• Financial Emergency (Article 360)
• Effects of Emergency
• Safeguards Against Misuse

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Parliament Structure

• Parliament of India
• Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
• Functions of Parliament
• Sessions of Parliament
• Parliamentary Privileges
• Office of Profit

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Parliament Procedures

• Law Making Process
• Types of Bills (Money, Finance, etc.)
• Article 117 Provisions
• Motions in Parliament
• No Confidence Motion

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Budget & Oversight

• Union Budget – Concept
• Budget 2024–25 & 2025–26
• Parliamentary Committees
• Ethics Committee
• Leader of Opposition

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State Executive

• Governor: Appointment & Role
• Powers of Governor
• Chief Minister & Council of Ministers
• Advocate General of the State
• Discretionary Powers of the Governor

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State Legislature

• State Legislature – Structure
• Legislative Assembly & Council
• Law Making Process at State Level
• Budgeting in States
• Speaker & Chairman: Roles

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State Judiciary

• High Court: Structure & Function
• Jurisdiction of High Court
• Subordinate Courts & District Judges
• Appointment & Removal of Judges
• Judicial Independence & Contempt

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Local Government

• Evolution of Local Government
• Panchayati Raj Institutions
• Gram Sabha & Grassroots Democracy
• Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities)
• PESA Act & Devolution of Powers

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State Level Elections

• State Election Commission
• Municipal & Panchayat Elections
• Electoral Rolls & Reservation
• Model Code of Conduct
• Electoral Challenges in States

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State–Centre Coordination

• Role of Governor in Federalism
• President’s Rule (Article 356)
• Finance Commission & GST Impact
• Inter-State Councils
• Zonal Councils & Cooperation

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State Admin Issues

• Law & Order Administration
• Public Service Delivery
• Bureaucracy & State Civil Services
• Centre-Sponsored Schemes
• Fiscal Stress & Cooperative Governance

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Election & Finance

• Election Commission of India
• Functions & Powers of ECI
• Finance Commission
• 14th Finance Commission
• 15th Finance Commission
• 16th Finance Commission

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Audit & Legal Bodies

• Comptroller & Auditor General
• Powers & Functions of CAG
• Attorney General of India
• Solicitor General
• Reports of CAG
• Parliamentary Control

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Social Justice Bodies

• National Commission for SCs & STs
• National Commission for BCs
• Linguistic Minorities
• Minority Rights
• Constitutional Safeguards

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Judicial Bodies

• Supreme Court
• Jurisdiction of Supreme Court
• Collegium System
• NJAC
• Judicial Activism
• Judicial Overreach

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Tribunals

• Tribunal System in India
• Administrative Tribunals (CAT)
• National Green Tribunal (NGT)
• Tribunal Reforms
• Issues with Tribunals

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Interpretation

• Basic Structure Doctrine
• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances
• Judicial Review
• Constitutional Morality
• Landmark Doctrines

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Vigilance & Accountability

• Lokpal & Lokayukta
• Central Vigilance Commission
• Central Bureau of Investigation
• Anti-Corruption Framework
• Whistle Blowers Protection
• Transparency Measures

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Human Rights Bodies

• National Human Rights Commission
• State Human Rights Commission
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Child Rights Commission
• Women Commission
• Minority Commissions

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Information & Media Bodies

• Central Information Commission
• State Information Commission
• Right to Information Act
• Press Council of India
• Media Regulation
• Digital Governance

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Economic & Planning Bodies

• NITI Aayog
• Planning Commission vs NITI Aayog
• Competition Commission of India
• Competition Act, 2009
• Regulatory Architecture
• Economic Governance

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Regulatory Authorities

• Regulatory Bodies in India
• TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority)
• Airport Authority of India
• FSSAI (Food Safety & Standards)
• Sectoral Regulation
• Challenges of Regulation

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Elections & Political System

• Electoral System in India
• Representation of People Act, 1950
• Representation of People Act, 1951
• Political Parties
• Electoral Funding
• Criminalisation of Politics

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Electoral Reforms

• Voting Behaviour in India
• Electoral Reforms
• Model Code of Conduct
• One Nation One Election
• Role of EVMs & VVPAT
• Electoral Challenges

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Pressure Groups & Civil Society

• Pressure Groups
• Formal & Informal Associations
• Role of NGOs
• Lobbying & Advocacy
• Civil Society & Democracy

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Judiciary & Landmark Judgements

• Berubari & Golaknath Cases
• Kesavananda Bharati Case
• ADM Jabalpur Case
• Indra Sawhney Case
• IR Coelho Case

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Contemporary Polity Issues

• Article 370 Developments
• Recent Bills Passed in Parliament
• Waqf Amendment Bill 2024
• Governance Reforms
• Constitutional Challenges
• Future of Indian Polity

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