UPSC CSE Economics and Development Index

📈 Indian Economy Dashboard

Indian Economy Structure

• Mixed Economy & Demographic Dividend
• Structural Composition: GDP & Employment
• Macroeconomic Indicators (GDP, GVA, Inflation)
• Income & Wealth Distribution
• Global Integration & Trade Impacts
• Contemporary Challenges & Productivity

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Sectors of Indian Economy

• Primary: Agriculture & Food Security
• Secondary: Manufacturing & PLI Schemes
• Tertiary: Services Sector Growth
• Quaternary: Knowledge & Data Economy
• MSMEs: Role and Constraints
• Future Growth & AI Integration

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Growth vs Development

• Conceptual Difference: Quantity vs Quality
• Indicators: GDP vs HDI & MPI
• Inclusiveness & Equity Issues
• Structural Sectoral Shifts
• Human Development Approach
• Sustainability Dimensions in India

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Sustainable Development

• Three Pillars: Economic, Social, Enviro
• Inter & Intra-generational Equity
• Precautionary & Polluter Pays Principles
• Indian Policy Framework: NAPCC
• SDG Integration Strategies

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Sustainable Development Goals

• Evolution: MDGs to SDGs
• The 17 Goals & 169 Targets
• NITI Aayog SDG India Index
• Localisation of SDGs (States/Districts)
• Financing & Implementation Challenges

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Green Economy

• Green Growth vs Traditional Growth
• Renewable Energy Transition
• Circular Economy & Green Jobs
• Carbon Markets & Green Finance
• Mission LiFE & Indian Initiatives

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Blue Economy

• Marine Resources & Fisheries
• Coastal Tourism & Shipping Infrastructure
• Blue Energy: Tidal & Offshore Wind
• Maritime Policy Framework
• Climate Concerns in Marine Ecosystems

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Care Economy

• Unpaid Care Work & Gender Impact
• Health, Education & Social Services
• Valuation of Care Work
• Demographic Transition Demands
• Inclusive Growth & Social Security

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National Income

• GDP, GNP, NNP, NI Concepts
• Methods: Product, Income & Expenditure
• Circular Flow of Income
• National Income Accounting in India
• Base Year & Constant vs Current Prices
• Challenges: Informal Sector & Data Gaps

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GDP, GVA & Deflator

• Nominal vs Real GDP
• GVA: Meaning & Sectoral Contribution
• Difference between GDP and GVA
• Per Capita Income & Living Standards
• GDP Deflator & Inflation Measurement
• India’s Recent Trends & Interpretation

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Green & Potential GDP

• Green GDP: Concept & Rationale
• Environmental Accounting & Natural Capital
• Potential GDP & Its Determinants
• Output Gap: Positive & Negative
• Policy Relevance: Fiscal & Monetary
• India’s Efforts & Global Practices

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Economic Planning

• Objectives: Growth, Equity, Self-reliance
• Features of Five-Year Plans
• Achievements & Failures of Planning Era
• Transition to Policy Framework
• Role of the Public Sector

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Harrod–Domar & Planning Commission

• Harrod–Domar Model: Logic & Assumptions
• Savings–Investment Relationship
• Capital–Output Ratio in India
• Planning Commission: Composition & Functions
• Limitations of the Harrod–Domar Model

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NITI Aayog

• Genesis & Rationale for NITI Aayog
• Objectives & Guiding Principles
• Cooperative & Competitive Federalism
• Major Initiatives: SDG Index & Districts
• Comparison with Planning Commission

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Expenditure & Role of NSO

• Plan vs Non-Plan Expenditure
• New Budgetary Framework & Abolition
• NSO: Role, Functions & Data Collection
• National Accounts & Statistical Reforms
• Challenges in Data Collection

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Economic Reforms (LPG)

• Background: 1991 BOP Crisis
• Liberalisation: Industrial & Financial
• Privatisation & Strategic Disinvestment
• Globalisation: Trade & Capital Reforms
• New Economic Policy 1991: Key Features
• Impact on Growth & Structural Change

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Money & Money Supply

• Concept & Evolution: Commodity to Fiat
• Money Supply Measures: M0, M1, M2, M3, M4
• High Powered Money (Reserve Money)
• Money Multiplier & Credit Creation
• Determinants of Money Supply
• Trends in India: Monetisation & Velocity

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RBI & Monetary Policy

• Evolution & RBI Act, 1934
• Traditional & Regulatory Functions
• Policy Instruments: Repo, CRR, SLR
• Liquidity Management: LAF & MSF
• Developmental Role & Financial Inclusion
• RBI Autonomy & Accountability

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MPC & Inflation Targeting

• MPC: Background & Voting Structure
• Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT)
• Inflation Target in India (4% ± 2%)
• Transmission of Monetary Policy
• Accountability & Failure Clause
• Debates: Growth vs Inflation

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Banking Sector & Core Banking

• Commercial, Cooperative & RRBs
• Small Finance & Payments Banks
• Core Banking Solutions (CBS)
• Financial Inclusion: Jan Dhan & DBT
• Issues in Indian Banking System

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NPAs & Banking Reforms

• NPAs: Gross vs Net Concepts
• Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code (IBC)
• Resolution: SARFAESI & DRTs
• Bank Recapitalisation & Consolidation
• Recent Reforms: Bad Bank (NARCL)

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NBFCs & Financial Intermediation

• Concept, Types & Regulatory Framework
• Differences: Banks vs NBFCs
• Role in Credit Flow & Inclusion
• Shadow Banking & Systemic Risks
• Recent NBFC Sector Reforms

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Digital Payments & NPCI

• NPCI: Structure & Governance
• UPI Architecture & Features
• Real-time Payments: IMPS & AePS
• e-RUPI & Voucher-based Payments
• Cyber Security & Data Privacy

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Crypto, CBDC & Demonetisation

• Demonetisation (2016): Impact & Rationale
• Cryptocurrency: Risks & Challenges
• CBDC: e₹ Retail & Wholesale
• Difference: Crypto vs CBDC
• India’s Regulatory Approach

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Capital Markets

• Concept of Capital Market & Formation
• Primary vs Secondary Markets
• Equity vs Debt Markets
• Participants: Companies & Intermediaries
• Market Instruments: Shares & Derivatives
• Regulatory Framework: SEBI & RBI

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Bonds & G-Secs

• Bonds vs Debentures Differences
• Treasury Bills vs Dated Securities
• Coupon, Maturity & Yield Concepts
• Corporate Bonds Market in India
• Credit & Interest Rate Risk
• Fiscal Management & Monetary Policy

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Muni & Masala Bonds

• Municipal Bonds: Urban Infra Financing
• ULB Capacity & Credit Ratings
• Masala Bonds: Definition & Features
• Rupee-denominated Overseas Bonds
• Exchange Rate Risk Sharing
• Global Investor Participation

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Equity & Stock Exchanges

• Equity Shares: Meaning & Types
• NSE & BSE: Role of Exchanges
• SEBI: Functions & Powers
• IPO Process & Pricing
• Market Indices: Sensex & Nifty
• Investor Protection & SEBI Reforms

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FDI, FPI & Funds

• FDI vs FPI: Differences & Caps
• Risks: Hot Money Volatility
• Mutual Funds & Regulation
• ETFs: Passive Investment
• AIFs: Category I, II, & III

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Angel & Venture Capital

• Angel Investors: Early-stage Funding
• Startup Ecosystem in India
• Angel Tax: Rationale & Criticism
• Venture Capital Funds (VCFs)
• SEBI AIF Norms
• Innovation & Job Creation

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Investment Models

• Capital Formation: Public vs Private
• Harrod-Domar Growth Model
• Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR)
• Crowding-in vs Crowding-out Effect
• Investment Multiplier
• India’s Investment Slowdown Issues

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PPP, VGF & HAM

• Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Concept
• Risk Sharing Mechanisms
• Viability Gap Funding (VGF)
• Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) Structure
• Comparison: EPC vs BOT vs HAM

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Fiscal Policy

• Meaning, Scope & Objectives
• Counter-cyclical Fiscal Policy
• Revenue vs Expenditure Instruments
• Fiscal Policy & Inflation Control
• Indian Fiscal Reforms Post-1991

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Budget & Deficits

• Union Budget Components & Process
• Fiscal, Revenue & Primary Deficits
• FRBM Act, 2003: Targets & Escape Clause
• Debt-GDP Ratio & Sustainability
• Quality of Fiscal Consolidation

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Subsidies & Disinvestment

• Subsidies: Food, Fertilizer & Petroleum
• DBT, JAM Trinity & WTO Concerns
• Strategic vs Minority Disinvestment
• Role of DIPAM & Asset Monetisation
• Off-Budget Borrowing & Transparency

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FSDC

• Background, Formation & Objectives
• Composition & Structure of FSDC
• Systemic Risk Management
• Regulatory Coordination Issues
• FSDC vs Financial Sector Regulators

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Taxation in India

• Income & Corporate Tax Structure
• Progressive vs Regressive Taxation
• Tax Base Widening & Compliance
• Pre-GST Indirect Tax Structure
• Tax Buoyancy & Elasticity

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GST & GST Council

• Dual GST Model: CGST, SGST, IGST
• GST Council: Composition & Powers
• Decision-making & Voting Mechanism
• Compensation Cess & Extension
• GST Rates, Issues & Reforms

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Inflation

• Measurement: CPI vs WPI
• Core vs Headline Inflation
• Demand-pull & Cost-push Types
• Inflation Targeting in India
• Impact on Growth & Poverty

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External Sector

• Balance of Payments (BoP) Structure
• Forex Reserves & CAD Sustainability
• 1991 BoP Crisis & IMF Role
• WTO Principles & India's Stand
• Foreign Trade Policy & FTAs

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Infrastructure & Gati Shakti

• Economic vs Social Infrastructure
• NIP: Objectives & Funding Pattern
• PM Gati Shakti: GIS-based Planning
• Financing: PPPs, NIIF & InvITs
• Logistics Efficiency & Bottlenecks

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Energy Sector

• India's Energy Mix: Conventional vs Renewable
• Thermal Power & Coal Dependence
• Hydro & Wind Energy Potential
• Solar Grid Integration Challenges
• Climate Commitments & Energy Transition

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Biofuels & Hydel Power

• Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP)
• Biofuels Policy: 1G, 2G, & 3G
• SATAT Initiative & GOBAR-DHAN
• Hydel Power Potential & Environmental Issues
• Energy Diversification & Rural Economy

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Transport Sector

• Bharatmala & Road Infrastructure
• Railways: DFC & Vande Bharat
• Civil Aviation & UDAN Scheme
• Sagarmala & Inland Waterways
• Logistics & Multimodal Transport

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Industrial Sector

• MSME Sector: Definition & Challenges
• PM Mudra Yojana (PMMY)
• Make in India & Manufacturing Push
• PLI Schemes: Design & Outcomes
• Ease of Doing Business Reforms

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Employment & Labour

• PLFS: Indicators & Methodology
• Types of Unemployment in India
• Informal Sector & Gig Economy
• Labour Codes: Wages & Social Security
• Skill Development & Demographic Dividend

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Inclusive Growth

• PMJDY, DBT & JAM Trinity
• Inequality Trends & Oxfam Reports
• Credit Access & Social Security
• Growth vs Equity Debate
• Role of State in Redistribution

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World Bank Group

• IBRD & IDA: Structure & Functions
• World Bank Funding Mechanisms
• India–World Bank Partnership
• World Bank vs IMF: Comparative Role
• Criticism & Global Reform Issues

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