UPSC CSE Ecology and Environment Index
Ecology and Environment – Index
Intro to Ecology
- Meaning and scope of ecology
- Biotic and abiotic components
- Levels of ecological organization
- Ecology in policy and governance
- Environmental degradation trends
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Ecological Principles
- Law of tolerance & Law of minimum
- Limiting factors concept
- Ecological niche vs Habitat
- Carrying capacity
- Ecological balance
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Ecosystem Structure
- Producers, consumers, decomposers
- Trophic levels
- Food chain and food web
- Ecological pyramids
- Standing crop and standing state
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Forest and Grassland systems
- Desert and Tundra ecosystems
- Mountain ecosystems
- Human-modified ecosystems
- Indian terrestrial ecosystems
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Aquatic Ecosystems
- Freshwater (Lentic & Lotic)
- Wetland ecosystems
- Marine & Estuaries
- Mangroves and Coral reefs
- Indian aquatic ecosystems
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Ecosystem Functioning
- Energy flow & Ecological efficiency
- Primary & Secondary productivity
- Decomposition process
- Ecological succession
- Homeostasis
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Biogeochemical Cycles
- Water and Carbon cycles
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles
- Sulphur cycle
- Human impact on cycles
- Climate linkages
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Biological Diversity
- Genetic, Species & Ecosystem levels
- Biodiversity patterns
- Latitudinal gradient
- India as a megadiverse country
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Biodiversity Hotspots
- Concept and criteria
- Global vs Indian hotspots
- Endemism
- Threats to hotspots
- Role in climate resilience
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Threats to Biodiversity
- Habitat loss and fragmentation
- Invasive alien species
- Overexploitation & Pollution
- Climate change impacts
- Man-animal conflict
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Conservation
- In-situ and Ex-situ conservation
- Protected areas & Biosphere reserves
- Community-based conservation
- Indigenous knowledge
- Conservation challenges in India
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EIA Framework
- EIA process and stages
- Screening, scoping, appraisal
- Public hearing and consultation
- Legal framework in India
- Limitations and reforms
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Climate Change
- Greenhouse effect and gases
- Global warming impacts
- Agriculture & Coastal vulnerability
- Biodiversity loss
- Climate vulnerability of India
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Laws & Institutions
- Environment & Wildlife Acts
- Paris Agreement & Montreal Protocol
- Ramsar Convention
- MoEFCC, NGT, and IPCC
- UNEP, IUCN, and WWF
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Sustainable Development
- Inter-generational equity
- SDGs and India’s initiatives
- Chipko & Narmada Bachao Andolan
- Silent Valley & Bishnoi movements
- Role of civil society
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